![]() ![]() Takasaki K, Takahashi H, Miyamoto I et al (2007) Measurement of angle and length of the eustachian tube on computed tomography using multiplanar reconstruction technique. Seibert JW, Danner CJ (2006) Eustachian tube function and the middle ear. In: Flint PW (ed) Cummings otolaryngology: head and neck surgery, 5th edn. Reilly RC, Sando I (2010) The eustachian tube. The Eustachian tube (ET), named after Italian anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachio, is a fibrocartilaginous duct connecting the middle ear (posterior to the eardrum) to the nasopharynx. Proctor B (1967) Embryology and anatomy of the eustachian tube. Persaud R, Hajioff D, Trinidade A et al (2007) Evidence-based review of aetiopathogenic theories of congenital and acquired cholesteatoma. Outer ear Ear (ventral view) The outer ear /visible ear is referred to as the pinna. Northrop C, Piza J, Eavey RD (1996) Histological observations of amniotic fluid cellular content in the ear of neonates and infants. ![]() Hughes GB, Pensak ML (2007) Clinical otology, 3rd edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 1253–1264īluestone CD, Doyle WJ (1998) Anatomy and physiology of eustachian tube and middle ear related to otitis media. The tympanic membrane (eardrum, myringa) is a thin, semitransparent, oval membrane, approximately 1 cm in diameter, that separates the external acoustic meatus from the tympanic cavity.12 It is positioned at the lateral end of the external acoustic meatus and it is tilted medially from posteriorly to anteriorly and superiorly to inferiorly. In: Bailey BJ (ed) Baileys head and neck surgery – otolaryngology, 4th edn. in length, is formed of a triangular plate of elastic fibrocartilage, the apex of which is attached to the margin of the medial end of the osseous portion of the tube, while its base lies directly under the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx. Laryngoscope 114:1–26īluestone CD (2006) Anatomy and physiology of the eustachian tube system. The cartilaginous portion ( pars cartilaginea tub auditiv ), about 24 mm. ![]() Bluestone CD (2004) Studies in otitis media: children‘s hospital of Pittsburgh – University of Pittsburgh progress report. ![]()
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